Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles Research Articles

50 Feeding a multi-carbohydrase improves mortality, morbidity and variability of growing pigs fed varying levels of dried distiller’s grains with solubles

Abstract The objective was to determine the effects of Rovabio Advance 10 P, a multi-carbohydrase, on growth performance, mortality, and morbidity of growing pigs fed 15% or 35% dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS). In the trial, 1,220 DNA pigs were fed from 32 kg to 134 kg body weight (BW). Four diets were fed: 15% DDGS (LO), 15% DDGS with Rovabio Advance (LO+), 35% DDGS (HI), and 35% DDGS with Rovabio Advance (HI+). Each pen had approximately 30 pigs each with 10 pens per dietary treatment. Pig BW and feed were measured as were the number and BW of dead pigs (mortality) and other pig removals (morbidity). Pigs were harvested beginning on d 105 and weekly thereafter through d 126. No significant (P > 0.16) interactions between DDGS level and Rovabio Advance were observed. Feeding greater levels of DDGS tended to reduce average daily gain (ADG), final BW and carcass weight (P < 0.09) and reduced mortality and morbidity (P = 0.1). Greater levels of DDGS also reduced cost of gain and improved income over feed (P < 0.04). Feeding Rovabio Advance reduced mortality and morbidity (P = 0.08), reduced standard deviation of carcass weight (P = 0.02), improved carcass price (P = 0.02), and improved income over feed (P = 0.02). Feeding greater levels DDGS slowed growth rate but improved cost of gain and profitability. Rovabio Advance improved mortality and morbidity and reduced variability resulting in improved profitability.

172 Effects of post-MSC DDGS inclusion in gestation diets on total tract nutrient and energy digestibility compared with other fiber sources

Abstract The high fiber content of corn dried distiller grains with solubles (DDGS) make it an ideal candidate for inclusion in gestation sow diets. Gestating sows, however, have greater utilization of fibrous ingredients, and nutrient values attained in grower pigs are not representative of nutrient metrics for gestating sows. The objective of this study was to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and nutrients from post-protein separation (post-MSC) DDGS provided to gestating sows in comparison with soyhulls and sugar beet pulp; two commonly used fiber sources in gestation diets. Pregnant sows [n = 22; parity 0 to 1; initial body weight (BW) = 190 ± 10 kg] were allocated to 1 of 6 dietary treatments in a crossover design with two collection periods (period 1 from d 40-59 of gestation and period 2 from d 60-79 of gestation) to attain at least 7 observations per treatment. Two of the six diets were practical corn-soybean meal-based gestation diets with either soyhulls (17.5% inclusion) or post-MSC DDGS (15% inclusion) to determine ATTD of energy and nutrients in complete diets. The remaining four diets included a corn-basal diet and the basal diet plus 30% inclusion of post-MSC DDGS, soyhulls, or sugar beet pulp. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker to calculate ATTD. Sows were fed experimental diets (2.2 kg/d in a single feeding) in two 20-d collection periods where the initial 14 d considered a diet adaptation period followed by 5 d for total collection of urine (collected using urine catheters inserted on d 14) and grab fecal samples. Energy values for the post-MSC DDGS, soyhulls, and sugar beet pulp in the corn-basal diets were calculated using differential procedure. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and fixed to a mixed linear model using treatment as the main effect and collection period as a random variable. The ATTD of the post-MSC DDGS practical diet was 8% greater in ATTD of crude protein and 13% greater in ATTD of ether extract than the practical soyhull diet (P < 0.01). The ATTD of gross energy of post-MSC DDGS was 16% greater than soyhulls (P < 0.01). This resulted in an 800 and 750 kcal/kg greater digestible energy and metabolizable energy content, respectively on an as-fed basis in post-MSC DDGS compared with soyhulls and sugar beet pulp (P < 0.01). The post-MSC DDGS also had a net energy value (as-fed basis) 700 kcal/kg greater than soyhulls and sugar beet pulp. In conclusion, post-MSC DDGS is suitable for inclusion in gestating sow diets as a fiber source while meeting the energy needs of the gestating sow.

PSIV-21 Ileal digestibility of amino acids in feed ingredients for 22-, 56-, and 87-kilogram pigs

Abstract The objective of the present study was to test the hypothesis that the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of amino acids (AA) in feed ingredients is not constant in pigs with 3 different body weights (BW). Eight pigs with initial BW of 22.2 ± 1.2 kg cannulated at the distal ileum were used. Two experimental diets contained corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) and soybean meal-wheat mixture (SBM-W; 70% soybean meal + 30% wheat) as the sole source of nitrogen, respectively. The diets were assigned to the animals in a 2-period cross-over design. Each period consisted of a 5-d adaptation period and a 2-d ileal digesta collection period. The animals, diets, and experimental design for 50 kg pigs (initial BW = 55.6 ± 3.3 kg) and 80 kg pigs (initial BW = 86.9 ± 5.1 kg) were identical to those used for 22 kg pigs. Orthogonal polynomial contrasts were used to determine the effect of ingredient type (corn DDGS or SBMM) and BW of pigs (from 22 to 87 kg) and the interaction between these 2 main effects. The AID of crude protein, lysine, and methionine in both corn DDGS and SBM-W linearly or quadratically increased (P < 0.05) with an increase in pig BW. An interaction between ingredient type and linear effect of BW was observed (P < 0.05) in histidine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, threonine, and valine. Specifically, a linear increase in AID of these AA with increasing BW of pigs was greater in SBM-W compared with corn DDGS. In conclusion, the AID values of most AA differed between the BW range of 22 to 87 kg, and these patterns varied among different ingredients.

283 Identification of new or existing risk factors associated with the development of sow pelvic organ prolapse

Abstract A survey was conducted between March and December of 2022 to examine the variation between farms that had high and low pelvic organ prolapse (POP) rate. The objective was to identify new or existing risk factors associated with the development of POP, which could open new avenues for further investigation. Sow farms (n = 53) across 26 production systems located in the US, Canada, and Mexico were used. Sampling of farms was not random. High and low POP systems were selected within each region as well as high and low POP farms within each system. Over 800 variables related to general farm information and management, performance traits, reproductive management, replacement gilt management, gestation and farrowing practices, labor and health management, and nutrition were collected during farm visits. To be included in the analysis, at least 70% of observations were needed for continuous variables with at least 10% of observation for each category for categorical variables. Univariable models were fitted to identify variables associated with annualized POP rate for 2021. Variables with P ≤ 0.10 were selected for further analysis, with 94 predictor variables selected for principal components analysis (PCA). A factor analysis of mixed data was conducted, and results were then fitted into a hierarchical clustering on PCA, which segregated the data into three clusters: 2 with low POP (2.5%) and 1 with high POP (6.1%) prevalence (low vs high P < 0.05). The resulting clusters explained 33.7% of the variability in annualized 2021 POP rate. Differences between clusters were evaluated by Kruskall-Wallis test for numerical variables and chi-square test for categorical variables. High POP cluster farms had greater total piglets born over the years, greater number of sows per worker, greater annual gestation feed usage, and a lower mean body condition score at 16 wk of gestation compared with low POP cluster farms. High POP cluster farms had a decreased proportion of farms using conventional artificial insemination, a greater proportion of farms utilizing cup waterers in gestation for sows in group housing and in farrowing, and greater proportion of farms with a routine sleeving practice. High POP cluster farms compared with low POP cluster farms had greater gestation distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) inclusion level (14.6% vs 4.0%, SE 3.02), greater levels of standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) P% (0.49% vs 0.39%, SE 0.014), narrower analyzed Ca to STTD P ratio (1.7 vs 2.2, SE 0.06), and lower phytase inclusion and release (0.16% vs 0.09%, SE 0.014). These variables were also the predictors with the greatest R2 values in the univariable models. These observations suggest further research is needed to evaluate the connection between dietary Ca and P and pelvic organ prolapse.

278 Phytogenic feed additive increased sow lactation average daily feed intake, litter weaning weight, and subsequent conception rate when fed in summer environmental conditions

Abstract An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that feeding a phytogenic feed additive (Fresta F, Delacon, Austria) to sows during lactation would increase lactation average daily feed intake (ADFI) during natural heat stress from summer environmental conditions. At the time of entry to lactation facilities, 192 sows were randomly allotted by parity and within farrowing batch to one of two treatments. A basal lactation diet based primarily on corn, soybean meal, and dried distiller’s grains with solubles (DDGS) served as the control treatment, whereas the test treatment contained 0.04% phytogenic feed additive at the expense of corn. Before farrowing, sows were limit fed, but once farrowing occurred, sows were provided with ad libitum access to feed. Individual feed disappearance was recorded daily, and sow was considered the experimental unit. Sow body weights (BW) and ultrasound backfat thickness were recorded at the time of entry to and exit from the lactation facilities. Litter weights were recorded at birth and at weaning, and litter inventories were recorded at birth, upon completion of cross-fostering within treatment, on d 5 of lactation, and at weaning. Ultimately, 185 sows completed the study and were included in statistical analyses. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effects of parity and farrowing batch. Data were assumed to be normally distributed, except for pig survival and conception rate, which were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models specifying a binomial distribution. Total and live litter size did not differ at birth, nor did litter birth weight (Table 1). Inclusion of the phytogenic feed additive increased (P < 0.05; ADFI in lactation from 6.21 to 6.74 kg per day. In turn, the phytogenic feed additive tended (P < 0.10) to increase litter wean weight, which was driven by numerically increased piglet survival (87.47% for control and 89.37% for phytogenic, P = 0.126) and a tendency (P < 0.10) for increased average pig weaning weight. Sow BW did not differ at entry to lactation, though sow weight at weaning tended to be greater (P < 0.10) when the phytogenic feed additive was fed. The phytogenic feed additive also increased (P < 0.05) subsequent conception rate from 88.7 to 97.8%. In conclusion, feeding a phytogenic feed additive during summer conditions increased lactation feed intake, which resulted in increased weaning weight and improved subsequent conception rate.

Enhancing Mechanical Properties of Corn Bran Arabinoxylan Films for Sustainable Food Packaging.

Arabinoxylan (AX)-based films can improve the mechanical characteristics of biodegradable materials when utilized for food packaging. However, the mechanical properties of AX films for food packaging applications require thorough investigation to establish their viability. In this study, AX was extracted from corn bran coproducts of dry-milling (DCB), wet-milling (WCB), and dried distiller's grains with solubles (DDGS) using an acid-alkali method. Packaging materials were produced using these AX extracts, each combined with laccase and sorbitol, forming the basis for three different films. These films were then modified by immersing the surface in a lipase-acetate solution. We evaluated their mechanical characteristics, including thickness, tensile properties, tear resistance, and puncture resistance. The thickness and tensile properties of the modified AX films derived from DCB and DDGS showed significant improvements (p < 0.05) compared to the unmodified AX films. In contrast, the modified AX films from WCB showed no significant changes (p > 0.05) in thickness and tensile properties compared to the unmodified WCB AX films. A significant increase in tear resistance (p < 0.05) was observed in all modified AX films after immersion in the lipase-acetate mixture. While puncture resistance was enhanced in the modified AX films, the improvement was not statistically significant (p > 0.05) compared to the unmodified films. The presence of hydroxyl (OH) and carbonyl (CO) groups on the surfaces of AX films from DCB and DDGS, modified by the lipase-acetate solution, suggests excellent biodegradability properties. The modification process positively affected the AX films, rendering them more bendable, flexible, and resistant to deformation when stretched, compared to the unmodified AX films.

Comparison study between single enzyme and multienzyme complex in distiller's dred grains with soluble supplemented diet in broiler chicken.

Upregulation of the nutritional value of feed is the major target of various studies in the livestock industry, and dietary enzyme supplementation could aid in digesting the nondegrading nutrients of grains in feed ingredients. Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) is a byproduct of the fermentation process in the beverage industry and can be used as a large supply source of fiber in feed. Therefore, we conducted an experiment with male broiler chickens to investigate the effect of various types of enzymes on DDGS and compare the efficacy of single enzyme and multienzyme complexes on growth performance and gut environments in broiler chickens. We used 420 1-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308), and they were allotted into 4 dietary treatments with seven replications (CON, corn-soybean meal [SBM] diet; NC, DDGS supplemented diet; SE, 0.05 % of mannanase supplemented DDGS-based diet; MC, 0.10% of multienzyme complex (mannanase and xylanase, glucanase) supplemented DDGS-based diet. The dietary exogenous enzyme in the DDGS-supplemented diet could improve growth performance as much as the growth of the control group, and digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and gross energy were significantly increased by enzyme addition in groups of chicks fed DDGS-supplementation diet. Moreover, the populations of pathogenic bacteria, coliforms, and Bacteroidetes were significantly decreased by enzyme supplementation, which might lead to improved gut mucus-secreting cells and inflammatory cytokines in the jejunum. Collectively, dietary single enzyme and multienzyme complexes could improve gut environments, including intestinal immune responses and gut microbial population, and lead to improvement of growth performance in broiler chickens.

Effect of feeding a dried distillers' grains with solubles diet on the metabolism of the intestinal wall in Guanling crossbred cattle: a preliminary assessment.

Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets are nutritious and can improve the inflammations and intestinal immunity in livestock. However, there is limited research examining the effect of feeding DDGS-based diets on changes in intestinal metabolites and related pathways in livestock. In this study, six Guanling crossbred cattle (Guizhou Guanling Yellow cattle × Simmental cattle) were selected and divided into a basal diet (BD) group and an experimental group fed with DDGS replacing 25% of the daily ration concentrates (DDGS) (n=3), respectively. Fresh jejunum (J), ileum (I) and cecum (C) tissues were collected for metabolomic analysis. Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were explored by means of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. In comparison to the J-BD group, 123 differential metabolites (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were identified in the J-DDGS group, which (top 20) were mainly divided into superclasses, including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and organoheterocyclic compounds. Compared with the I-BD group, 47 differential metabolites were obtained in the I-DDGS group, which were mainly divided into superclasses, including lipids and lipid-like molecules and organic acids and derivatives. The C-DDGS vs. C-BD comparison revealed 88 differential metabolites, which were mainly divided into superclasses, including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic oxygen compounds, and nucleosides. A total of 34 significant metabolic pathways were found (p < 0.05, -log(p) > 1.3). Among them, 3 significant pathways were significantly enriched in the J-DDGS group, 11 significant pathways were significantly enriched in the I-DDGS group, and 20 significant pathways were significantly enriched in the C-DDGS group. Importantly, primary bile acid biosynthesis, linoleic acid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism correlated with intestinal inflammation and immunity by regulating gut microbiota, prostaglandin synthesis, and cell signaling. The data suggest that DDGS-fed cattle unregulated three metabolic pathways mentioned above and that a DDGS-based diet was able to maintain a balance of these three metabolic pathways, thus resulting in improvement of intestinal inflammation and enhanced immunity in cattle. In conclusion, the DDGS diet has the potential to improve intestinal inflammation and enhance the immunity of Guanling crossbred cattle by regulating the metabolic patterns of lipids and lipid-like molecules, organic acids and derivatives, and related metabolic pathways. These results allude to potential metabolic regulatory mechanisms of DDGS diets and also provide a theoretical basis for the application of DDGS in livestock feed.

Evaluation of Distillers Dried Grains With Solubles in Aquafeeds – A Review

Abstract The aquafeed industry faces many challenges, including reducing the cost of feed by reducing the quantity of fish meal and soybean meal and researching to replace them with other ingredients lower in cost. Furthermore, new low-cost feeds must improve growth and feed utilization while also ensuring fish health. During the past few decades, researchers have shown one of the low-cost and with appropriate nutritional value alternative protein sources to replace fish meal (FM) or soybean meal (SBM) is dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS). Recently, the production of grain-based ethanol as a fuel additive has been increasing as the demand for biofuel has increased, and lessening dependency on fossil fuels has resulted in a dramatic rise in the amount of grains used for ethanol. DDGS are the primary co-product of dry-grind fuel ethanol plants. DDGS has the advantages of having high protein, fat, phosphorus, yield, and low cost. These valuable particles attributed to DDGS have raised controversy amongst feed nutritionists as to how they can proficiently replace fish meal or soybean meal. It has been discovered that DDGS can be replaced with fish meal or soybean meal without affecting growth. Therefore, the present review discusses the effects of dietary DDGS application in the fish feed formulation, the best dietary presence, the possible advantages in fish health, nutrient retention, and the economic benefits of DDGS application in aquafeeds.

Effects of Feeding Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles on Muscle Quality Traits and Lipidomics Profiling of Finishing Pigs.

This study investigated the effects of adding corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) to the diet on the meat quality, chemical composition, fatty acid composition, and lipidomics profiling in the longissimus thoracis (LT) of finishing pigs. Twenty-four healthy crossbred pigs (average body weight 61.23 ± 3.25 kg) were randomly divided into two groups with three replicates per group and four pigs per pen. The control group (CON) was fed a basal diet, and the DDGS group was fed an experimental diet with 30% DDGS. The results show that adding DDGS to the diet increases the yellowness (b*), chroma (C*), linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) percentages, polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) percentages and iodine value of LT (p < 0.05). Based on LC-ESI-MS/MS, 1456 lipids from 6 classes or 44 subclasses in LT were analyzed, and 50 differential lipids were observed. Triglyceride (TG) with C18:2n-6 side chains and ceramide alpha-hydroxy fatty acid-sphingosine (Cer-AS) contents increased significantly, and the decrease in multiple glycerophospholipids (GPs) content may be related to differences in the glycerophospholipid metabolic pathway. Correlation analysis suggests that triglycerides with C18:2n-6 side chains may be one of the reasons for the changes in b* and C* values in the LT. In conclusion, feeding DDGS affects the meat quality and fatty acid composition and may affect the lipid profile in the LT of finishing pigs by regulating lipid metabolism.

Extrusion puffing as a pretreatment method to change the surface structure, physicochemical properties and in vitro protein digestibility of distillers dried grains with solubles.

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are rich in nutrition, and they are potential protein feed raw material. However, the existence of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin hinders animals' digestion and absorption of DDGS. Making full use of unconventional feed resources such as DDGS can alleviate the shortage of feed resources to a certain extent. This research investigated the effects of twin-screw extrusion on the macromolecular composition, physical and chemical properties, surface structure and in vitro protein digestibility (IVPD) of DDGS. The findings showed that extrusion puffing significantly increased the protein solubility, bulk density, water holding capacity, and swelling capacity, while significantly decreased hemicellulose and crude protein content, particle size and zeta potential of DDGS. The structure damage of DDGS induced by the extrusion was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared (FITR) spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Interestingly, no random coil was observed in the analysis of the secondary structure, and extrusion promoted the transformation of α-helix and β-turn to β-sheet, which led to significant increases in protein solubility and IVPD of DDGS (P < 0.05). Additionally, correlation analysis revealed that IVPD and PS had a positive relationship. Extrusion puffing was an ideal pretreatment method for DDGS modification to improve in vitro protein digestibility. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

238 Impact of Increasing Standardized Ileal Digestible Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio in Diets Containing 20% Corn Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles fed to Growing-Finishing Pigs

Abstract A study was conducted to investigate the optimal standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp to Lys ratio in diets containing a moderately high level (20%) of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) fed to growing-finishing pigs. A total of 2,232 pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 31.41 kg ± 0.53 kg] were allotted to a randomized complete block design with 4 dietary treatments (18 pens/treatment; 31 pigs/pen, mixed gender) and fed experimental diets for 15 wk in a 6-phase feeding program. The level of SID Trp/Lys in each treatment was formulated to 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, and was manipulated by crystalline Trp inclusion. Within each phase, diets were formulated to be isocaloric and contained equal provisions of SID Lys, sulfur containing amino acids, Thr, and Ile. Diets met or exceeded NRC (2012) estimated nutrient requirements. The levels of SID Thr/Lys (0.65 – 0.70 from grower to finisher) and SID Ile/Lys (0.60 – 0.62 from grower to finisher) were adjusted to a greater level to accommodate the potential negative effects of greater levels of fiber and Leu, respectively, from the inclusion of DDGS. Results were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of SID Trp/Lys and the random effect of body weight block. Orthogonal contrasts were used to test linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary SID Trp/Lys (Table 1). Results indicated that increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets containing 20% corn DDGS improved final body weight (FBW) in a quadratic pattern (128.67, 130.61, 130.83, and 130.37 kg, for diets formulated to SID Trp/Lys at 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.24, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.05). Average daily feed intake (ADFI) was quadratically increased with increasing SID Trp/Lys (2.51, 2.57, 2.60, and 2.57 kg/d, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.05). A linear tendency was observed on average daily gain (ADG) with increasing SID Trp/Lys (0.96, 0.98, 0.98, and 0.98 kg/d, respectively, P &amp;lt; 0.10). In summary, increasing SID Trp/Lys in diets with moderately high levels of corn DDGS improved FBW and ADFI in a quadratic pattern and tended to increase ADG linearly.

PSVI-7 Digestible Energy and Metabolizable Energy Concentrations of Corn, Oilseed Meals, and Fibrous Ingredients for Growing Pig

Abstract The objective of the present work was to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients fed to growing pig. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 34.3 kg (SD = 2.9) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A 12 × 8 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 12 experimental diets, and 8 periods was employed. A basal diet contained 76.7% corn, 19.0% soybean meal (SBM), and 2% soybean oil as the sole source of energy. Ten experimental diets were prepared by replacing 30% of the basal diet with SBM, rapeseed meal, rice bran, corn gluten feed, corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, copra meal, soybean hulls, or palm kernel expellers. Additionally, a corn diet contained 97.7% of corn as a sole energy source. Each period consisted of a 5-day adaptation period and a 5-day collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces and urine. The gross energy concentrations in the experimental diets were close to the calculated values based on the ingredient gross energy values. The DE and ME concentrations in corn (3,911 and 3,866 kcal/kg DM) and SBM (4,004 and 3,780 kcal/kg DM) were greatest (P &amp;lt; 0.05) among the 11 test ingredients followed by DDGS (3,531 and 3,336 kcal/kg DM), rice bran (3,242 and 3,172 kcal/kg DM), soybean hulls (3,081 and 3,103 kcal/kg DM), palm kernel expellers (3,112 and 3,058 kcal/kg DM). The DE and ME concentrations in corn gluten feed (2,624 and 2,460 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, corn and SBM had the greatest energy values among the corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients, whereas corn gluten feed had the lowest energy values.

Postbiotics Production of Candidate-Probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum AC131 with Renewable Bio Resources.

Lactiplantibacillus plantarum is a versatile specie, well known as a producer of lactic acid (LA) and other metabolites with biotechnological significance. The present work characterizes growth and lactic acid production of the candidate-probiotic strain L. plantarum AC131, from Bulgarian white brined cheeses. Different nutritional media with ingredients from renewable resources-reduced sugars from dried distillers' grains with soluble (DDGS) and waste waters from the water-vapor distillation of Bulgarian Rosa alba L. and Rosa damascena Mill. essential oil-were assessed. The results obtained showed significant LA production (up to 95% conversion) in modified MRS broth with reducing sugars from DDGS hydrolysates. The addition of R. alba L. and R. damascena Mill. distillation effluents stimulated the growth and biological activity of postbiotics produced by L. plantarum AC131. In both experimental approaches, a statistically significant inhibition (from 20 to 60%) of E. coli HB 101 growth was found during 24 h exposure and a variable effect on the biofilm formed. In conclusion, reducing sugars from DDGS hydrolysates can be successfully used as a carbon source for lactic acid production. In the case of fermentation without pH control, the process is product inhibited, while with pH control, nearly full conversion was achieved. Postbiotics produced during the process of fermentation showed a variety of biological activity and inhibitory effects on the growth of Escherichia coli HB 101.

Impact of feeding dried distillers' grains with solubles diet on microbiome and metabolome of ruminal and cecal contents in Guanling yellow cattle.

Dried distillers' grains with solubles (DDGS) are rich in nutrients, and partially alternative feeding of DDGS effectively reduces cost of feed and improves animals' growth. We used 16S rDNA gene sequencing and LC/MS-based metabolomics to explore the effect of feeding cattle with a basal diet (BD) and a Jiang-flavor DDGS diet (replaces 25% concentrate of the diet) on microbiome and metabolome of ruminal and cecal contents in Guanling yellow cattle. The results showed that the ruminal and cecal contents shared the same dominance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in two groups. The ruminal dominant genera were Prevotella_1, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010; and the cecal dominant genera were Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-010, and Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group. Linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis (LDA > 2, P < 0.05) revealed the significantly differential bacteria enriched in the DDGS group, including Ruminococcaceae_UCG_012, Prevotellaceae_UCG_004 and Anaerococcus in the ruminal contents, which was associated with degradation of plant polysaccharides. Besides, Anaerosporobacter, Anaerovibrio, and Caproiciproducens in the cecal contents were involved in fatty acid metabolism. Compared with the BD group, 20 significantly different metabolites obtained in the ruminal contents of DDGS group were down-regulated (P < 0.05), and based on them, 4 significantly different metabolic pathways (P < 0.05) were enriched including "Linoleic acid metabolism," "Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids," "Taste transduction," and "Carbohydrate digestion and absorption." There were 65 significantly different metabolites (47 were upregulated, 18 were downregulated) in the cecal contents of DDGS group when compared with the BD group, and 4 significantly different metabolic pathways (P < 0.05) were enriched including "Longevity regulating pathway," "Bile secretion," "Choline metabolism in cancer," and "HIF-1 signaling pathway." Spearman analysis revealed close negative relationships between the top 20 significantly differential metabolites and Anaerococcus in the ruminal contents. Bacteria with high relevance to cecal differential metabolites were Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG-003, Dielma, and Solobacterium that affect specific metabolic pathways in cattle. Collectively, our results suggest that feeding cattle with a DDGS diet improves the microbial structure and the metabolic patterns of lipids and carbohydrates, thus contributing to the utilization efficiency of nutrients and physical health to some extent. Our findings will provide scientific reference for the utilization of DDGS as feed in cattle industry.

Supplemental impact of silymarin in growing pig diet on the growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microflora, faecal noxious gas emission and absorption rate in blood.

The research was done to examine the impact of dietary silymarin on growth performance, total tract digestibility, faecal microbial, faecal gas emissionand absorption rate in blood of growing pigs. Experiment 1: a total of 140 growing pigs (24.47 ± 2.49 kg) were used in a 6-week trial. There were four dietary treatment groups (sevenreplicate pens/treatment, five pigs/pen) and treatment diets composed of corn, soybean meal (SBM), distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), and rapeseed meal-based basal diets with 0%, 0.025%, 0.050%and 0.10% of micelle silymarinrespectively. Experiment 2: A total of 18 pigs were divided into six treatment groups. Treatment diets: TRT1, TRT2 and TRT3 were basal diets with 30, 150and 300 g powdered silymarinrespectively; and TRT4, TRT5 and TRT6 were basal diets with 30, 150and 300 g micelle-type silymarinrespectively. Average daily gain (ADG) tended to increase (p < 0.10) at Week 3 and overall experiment after silymarin addition. Overall ADG and average daily feed intake are also intended to improve (p < 0.10) linearly in this study. During Week 6, growing pigs fed silymarin showed linearly increased (p < 0.05) apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, nitrogenand energy. Dietary silymarin supplementation increased (p < 0.10) linearly the faecal Lactobacillus count at Week 3 while Escherichia coli count was linearly decreased at both the 3rdweek (p < 0.05) and 6thweek (p < 0.10). Silymarin supplementation showed no effect on faecal gas emissions. A higher (p < 0.05) absorption rate in the blood was found in micelle-type silymarin compared to powdered silymarin after the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 8th, 12thand 24th h of feeding. Results suggest that silymarin in a corn-SBM-DDGS-rapeseed meal-based diet may help to improve ADG, FI, ATTDand faecal microflora in growing pigs. And absorption rate in the blood of pig is higher in micelle-type silymarin.

Individual or combinational use of phytase, protease, and xylanase for the impacts on total tract digestibility of corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with soluble fed to pigs.

This study was to evaluate the effects of individual or combinational use of phytase, protease, and xylanase on total tract digestibility of corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) fed to pigs. Each experiment had four 4×4 Latin squares using 16 barrows. Each period had 5-d adaptation and 3-d collection. All experiments had: CON (no enzyme); Phy (CON+phytase); Xyl (CON+xylanase); Pro (CON+protease); Phy+Xyl; Phy+Pro, Xyl+Pro, Phy+Xyl+Pro. Each Latin square had 'CON, Phy, Xyl, and Phy+Xyl'; 'CON, Phy, Pro, and Phy+Pro'; 'CON, Pro, Xyl, and Xyl+Pro'; and 'Phy+Xyl, Phy+Pro, Xyl+Pro, Phy+Xyl+Pro'. The digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nitrogen retention (NR) of corn were not affected by enzymes but the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of phosphorus (P) was improved (p<0.01) by Phy. The DE and ATTD dry matter (DM) in soybean meal were increased (p<0.05) by Phy+Pro and the ATTD P was improved (p<0.01) by Phy, Phy+Pro, and Phy+Xyl. The DE, ME, and ATTD DM in DDGS were improved (p<0.05) by Phy+Xyl and the ATTD P was improved (p<0.01) by Phy, Phy+Pro, and Phy+Xyl. Phytase individually or in combination with xylanase and protease improved the Ca and P digestibility of corn, soybean meal, and DDGS, from the hydrolysis of phytic acid. The supplementation of protease was more effective when combined with phytase and xylanase in the soybean meal and DDGS possibly due to a higher protein content in these feedstuffs. Xylanase was more effective in DDGS diets due to the elevated levels of non-starch polysaccharides in these feedstuffs. However, when xylanase was combined with phytase, it demonstrated a higher efficacy improving the nutrient digestibility of pigs. Overall, combinational uses of feed enzymes can be more efficient for nutrient utilization in soybean meal and DDGS than single enzymes.

Effects of bacterial β-mannanase on apparent total tract digestibility of nutrients in various feedstuffs fed to growing pigs.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of β-mannanase on metabolizable energy (ME) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of protein in various feedstuffs including barley, copra meal, corn, corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), palm kernel meal, sorghum, and soybean meal. A basal diet was formulated with 94.8% corn and 0.77% amino acids, minerals, and vitamins and test diets replacing corn-basal diets with barley, corn DDGS, sorghum, soybean meal, or wheat (50%, respectively) and copra meal or palm kernel meal (30%, respectively). The basal diet and test diets were evaluated by using triplicated or quadruplicated 2×2 Latin square designs consisting of 2 diets and 2 periods with a total of 54 barrows at 20.6±0.6 kg (9 wk of age). Dietary treatments were levels of β-mannanase supplementation (0 or 800 U/kg of feed). Fecal and urine samples were collected for 4 d following a 4-d adaptation period. The ME and ATTD of crude protein (CP) in feedstuffs were calculated by a difference procedure. Data were analyzed using Proc general linear model of SAS. Supplementation of β-mannanase improved (p<0.05) ME of barley (10.4%), palm kernel meal (12.4%), sorghum (6.0%), and soybean meal (2.9%) fed to growing pigs. Supplementation of β-mannanase increased (p<0.05) ATTD of CP in palm kernel meal (8.8%) and tended to increase (p = 0.061) ATTD of CP in copra meal (18.0%) fed to growing pigs. This study indicates that various factors such as the structure and the amount of β-mannans, water binding capacity, and the level of resistant starch vary among feedstuffs and the efficacy of supplemental β-mannanase may be influenced by these factors.

Distillers dried grains with soluble and enzyme inclusion in the diet effects broilers performance, intestinal health, and microbiota composition

This study tested the effect of distillers dried grains with soluble (DDGS) inclusion in a broiler diet, with or without supplementation of exogenous enzymes, on the microbiota composition, intestinal health, diet digestibility and performance. A total of 288 one-day-old chickens was assigned to 6 treatments (8 replicate of 6 birds each) according to a completely randomized design with a 3×2 factorial scheme with 3 DDGS levels (0, 7 and 14%) and 2 inclusions of exogenous enzymes (with or without a multicarbohydrase complex+phytase [MCPC]). The results exhibited that DDGS inclusion up to 14% did not impair broilers performance up to 28 d, however, DDGS-fed animals exhibited significant improvement with the MCPC supplementation. No effects of the enzymes in the ileal digestibility were found at 21 d. DDGS inclusion in the diet affected dry matter and gross energy digestibility. Broilers fed diets with MCPC were found to have less intestinal histological alteration thus better gut health. No effect of DDGS, enzyme or interaction of those were observed for intestinal permeability and in the serum inflammatory biomarker (calprotectin) at 7 and 28 d. The increase of DDGS percentage in the diet reduced the diversity of the ileal microbiota but increased the cecal microbiota diversity. The inclusion of DDGS showed positive effects on microbiota composition due to a reduction of Proteobacteria phylum in the ileum at 28d and a reduction in the presence of Enterococcaceae family in the ileum at 14 and 28d. The inclusion of MCPC complex might promote beneficial changes in the ileal and cecal microbiota due reduce of Proteobacteria, Bacillaceae and Enterobacteriaceae. The supplementation of xylanase, β-glucanase, arabinofuranosidase and phytase to a DDGS diet improves performance and intestinal health allowing the use of these subproduct in the poultry nutrition.

Feasibility insights into the application of Paenibacillus pabuli E1 in animal feed to eliminate non-starch polysaccharides.

The goal of the research was to find alternative protein sources for animal farming that are efficient and cost-effective. The researchers focused on distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), a co-product of bioethanol production that is rich in protein but limited in its use as a feed ingredient due to its high non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) content, particularly for monogastric animals. The analysis of the Paenibacillus pabuli E1 genome revealed the presence of 372 genes related to Carbohydrate-Active enzymes (CAZymes), with 98 of them associated with NSPs degrading enzymes that target cellulose, hemicellulose, and pectin. Additionally, although lignin is not an NSP, two lignin-degrading enzymes were also examined because the presence of lignin alongside NSPs can hinder the catalytic effect of enzymes on NSPs. To confirm the catalytic ability of the degrading enzymes, an in vitro enzyme activity assay was conducted. The results demonstrated that the endoglucanase activity reached 5.37 U/mL, while beta-glucosidase activity was 4.60 U/mL. The filter paper experiments did not detect any reducing sugars. The xylanase and beta-xylosidase activities were measured at 11.05 and 4.16 U/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the pectate lyase and pectin lyase activities were found to be 8.19 and 2.43 U/mL, respectively. The activities of laccase and MnP were determined as 1.87 and 4.30 U/mL, respectively. The researchers also investigated the effect of P. pabuli E1 on the degradation of NSPs through the solid-state fermentation of DDGS. After 240 h of fermentation, the results showed degradation rates of 11.86% for hemicellulose, 11.53% for cellulose, and 8.78% for lignin. Moreover, the crude protein (CP) content of DDGS increased from 26.59% to 30.59%. In conclusion, this study demonstrated that P. pabuli E1 possesses various potential NSPs degrading enzymes that can effectively eliminate NSPs in feed. This process improves the quality and availability of the feed, which is important for animal farming as it seeks alternative protein sources to replace traditional nutrients.